Since the middle of the nineteenth century scholars have questioned whether Reformed orthodoxy represented a corruption of, a reaction to, or an authentic development of the early Reformed theology of Martin Bucer (1491–1551), Heinrich Bullinger (1504–1575), and John Calvin (1509–1564).1 This approach sees a movement from a vital movement to an institutional corruption of that vitality.2 In the middle of the nineteenth century, Heinrich Heppe (1820–79) pioneered the second of these approaches portraying Reformed covenant or federal theology as a Melanchthonian reaction to Calvin’s alleged predestinarian dogmatism.3 A third approach finds two competing traditions with Reformed theology, one gracious and covenantal and the other 1 For a concise survey of the older approach to Reformed orthodoxy see Richard A. Muller, Christ and the Decree: Christology and Predestination in Reformed...